The Nature and Experience of Mathematical Beauty

Karriärbidra

Price settings of weaned feeders

Efter att ha fått förfrågningar från branschen har vi valt att i vårt examensarbete undersöka hur den avvanda dikalven ska värderas vid förmedling från dikoproducenten till slutgödning hos specialiserade slaktuppfödare. Idag finns ingen tillgänglig prislista att utgå från vid prissättning av djuren utan priset riskerar att i vissa fall bli ofördelaktigt för endera parten. Detta gör att det blir svårt att få fram underlag för kalkyler vilket i sin tur kan leda till att producenter avstår från att nyinvestera eller avvecklar sin befintliga produktion. Vårt mål var att hitta ett system där varje kalv värderas utifrån dess kvalité, och som talar om på ett tydligt sätt för uppfödaren vilka egenskaper som leder till ett högre pris. Med ett sådant system skulle dikoproducenten i god tid kunna planera sin produktion efter vad marknaden efterfrågar och även i förväg kunna kalkylera med ?rätt? pris på de kalvar som produceras i den enskilda besättningen. Vi har tittat närmare på hur prissättningen på förmedlingskalvar (mjölkras) fungerar och även intervjuat producenter i branschen. Därtill har vi även gjort en studieresa till Canada och intervjuat dikalvsproducenter och kalvköpare där för att få en bild av hur prissättning och förmedling fungerar i ett land med omfattande och rent marknadsstyrd produktion. Under vårt besök i Canada besökte vi även två st custom feedlots. Detta är slutgödningsanläggningar där ägaren själv inte äger några djur utan enbart säljer tjänsten uppfödning till slakt och hyr ut platserna mot en hyresavgift. Vi ville undersöka hur de sätter hyrorna för dessa djur och se om det finns något i dessa system som vi kan använda oss av i vårt arbete. Det system som vi från början tänkte oss med en prissättningsmodell som man skulle använda för att bestämma en kalvs pris tror vi inte längre är den rätta lösningen. Detta för att uppfödare efterfrågar olika kalvar med olika kriterier. Till exempel en producent med intensiv uppfödning och hög andel kraftfoder i foderstaten efterfrågar en helt annan typ av kalv än en uppfödare som baserar sin foderstat på vallfoder och kanske även bete. Detta gör att det är svårt att säga vilka egenskaper som är värda ett högre pris då en egenskap som är positiv för den ene uppfödaren mycket väl kan vara negativ för en annan. Genom att öka tillgängligheten på de djur som finns ute till försäljning för de intresserade köparna så blir konkurrensen högre om de attraktiva djuren och priset därmed högre. Till säljarna ges signaler om vad som marknaden efterfrågar och de som vill producera en välbetald produkt har möjlighet att anpassa sin produktion enligt marknadens efterfrågan.In this study we have decided to evaluate the weaned calves’ value at the time of leaving the producers through agencies and on to special breeders for fattening. The beef cattle branch of trade is very interested in the subject and has asked us to do this research, and this has helped us in our determination to find a good answer. There is no available price-list to start from when pricing the animals today. Therefore the price might be adverse for one part in the deal. Because of this it is hard to collect information for proper calculations. Which lead to producers abandoning their dream of investing in their production and some of them might even give up producing and sell their animals. Our goal with the study was to find a system where each calf was valued for their individual qualities. These qualities should tell the breeder which characteristics that leads to a higher price for their product. With a system like this, beef cattle producers would be able to plan their production to suit the market demands. They would also be able to calculate with the right price and know how much they will be able to make on the calves in their existing herd. We looked closer at how pricing on agency calves (dairy breed) works and we have also interviewed producers in that branch of trade. We made an educational tour through the southwestern parts of Canada and interviewed producers there to get an idea about how pricing and mediating works in a country with extensive and production totally controlled by the market. During our Canada tour we visited two custom feedlots. This is the end station in the fattening of beef cattle where the owner does not own the animals. People that own custom feedlots just provide the service of fattening beef cattle for animal owners that don’t have the area, the feed or the time to do the work themselves, for a monthly fee. We wanted to evaluate how they rate the fees for this service and if there was anything in this type of system that we could use in this study. The system we originally planned with a model for pricing for exact value of calves is not a possibility and we don’t believe in that idea anymore. The biggest reason for this is that there are so many different producers with different criteria for what kind of calves they want to buy. For example, a producer with intensive production that feeds a lot of grain wants a totally different calf than a producer that fattens his beef cattle on pasture or with green feed. Because of this it is hard to tell which qualities are worth a higher price when a positive quality for one producer might be negative for another. By increasing the availability of animals on the sales market for interested buyers, the concurrence increases for the attractive cattle and the price goes up. For the sellers, signals are given about what the market demand and the producers have the chance to adjust their production after market demands

Left ventricular geometric patterns and adaptations to hemodynamics are similar in elderly men and women

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Common conditions such as obesity and hypertension result in hemodynamic alterations that will induce remodeling of the left ventricle (LV). However, differences between the genders in the relationship of hemodynamics to LV geometry are not well known.</p> <p>The present study aims to investigate differences between the genders in this respect, in a sample of elderly persons.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Echocardiography and Doppler was performed in a population-based sample aged 70 - The Prospective Investigation of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors (PIVUS) study (n = 922).</p> <p>Hemodynamic patterns obtained by echocardiography and Doppler were evaluated in relation to four LV geometric groups (normal, concentric remodeling, eccentric hypertrophy and concentric hypertrophy).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>No significant difference between the genders was observed regarding the prevalence of the LV geometric groups.</p> <p>Mean values of most evaluated echocardiography and Doppler variables differed between men and women, such as LA, IVS, LVEDD and IVRT, but the relationship of hemodynamic variables to LV geometric groups did not differ between the genders.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Although mean values of many echocardiographic variables differed between men and women, the LV geometric adaptations to a given hemodynamic load appear similar in both genders.</p

PENGARUH LIMBAH SERBUK BESI SEBAGAI PENGGANTI SEJUMLAH AGREGAT HALUS TERHADAP CAMPURAN ASPAL

The obieaive of this research examining stability andfla+, value was to iwestigste the impact of the utility of iron Jillings waste as a subtitute matqlal for the mtmber of suprisingly small sggregates in the mixture of asphalt. In lhis research, the portion of irontilings waste which given were 5 %o, I0 % and I 5 % of the heauy mixture smooth aggregotes. The stobility quantitative value was 2093 kg in 15 % iron Jilings contents. The higatflow quaftitative value was 3,5 mm in 5 % iron tilings contents. The result of characteristic validdion Mmshall on the number of sabtituted smooth aggregates which used iron/ilings gave o standard coflictent specfrcation 8M.2005. So based on thal, the iron/illings waste technically could be received as a subtitute material for the mixture of suprisingly small aggregates

Non-targeted urine metabolomics and associations with prevalent and incident type 2 diabetes

Better risk prediction and new molecular targets are key priorities in type 2 diabetes (T2D) research. Little is known about the role of the urine metabolome in predicting the risk of T2D. We aimed to use non-targeted urine metabolomics to discover biomarkers and improve risk prediction for T2D. Urine samples from two community cohorts of 1,424 adults were analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS). In a discovery/replication design, three out of 62 annotated metabolites were associated with prevalent T2D, notably lower urine levels of 3-hydroxyundecanoyl-carnitine. In participants without diabetes at baseline, LASSO regression in the training set selected six metabolites that improved prediction of T2D beyond established risk factors risk over up to 12 years' follow-up in the test sample, from C-statistic 0.866 to 0.892. Our results in one of the largest non-targeted urinary metabolomics study to date demonstrate the role of the urine metabolome in identifying at-risk persons for T2D and suggest urine 3-hydroxyundecanoyl-carnitine as a biomarker candidate.Peer reviewe

Изучение байесовского подхода к анализу медико-биологических данных в курсе медицинской и биологической физики

Background: The clinical behaviour of colon cancer is heterogeneous. Five-year overall survival is 50-65% with all stages included. Recurring somatic chromosomal alterations have been identified and some have shown potential as markers for dissemination of the tumour, which is responsible for most colon cancer deaths. We investigated 115 selected stage II-IV primary colon cancers for associations between chromosomal alterations and tumour dissemination. Methods: Follow-up was at least 5 years for stage II-III patients without distant recurrence. Affymetrix SNP 6.0 microarrays and allele-specific copy number analysis were used to identify chromosomal alterations. Fisher's exact test was used to associate alterations with tumour dissemination, detected at diagnosis (stage IV) or later as recurrent disease (stage II-III). Results: Loss of 1p36.11-21 was associated with tumour dissemination in microsatellite stable tumours of stage II-IV (odds ratio = 5.5). It was enriched to a similar extent in tumours with distant recurrence within stage II and stage III subgroups, and may therefore be used as a prognostic marker at diagnosis. Loss of 1p36.11-21 relative to average copy number of the genome showed similar prognostic value compared to absolute loss of copies. Therefore, the use of relative loss as a prognostic marker would benefit more patients by applying also to hyperploid cancer genomes. The association with tumour dissemination was supported by independent data from the The Cancer Genome Atlas. Conclusion: Deletions on 1p36 may be used to guide adjuvant treatment decisions in microsatellite stable colon cancer of stages II and III